The Short-Term Effects of Viewing Relationally Aggressive Media on Hostile Cognitions in College Women

Correlational and experimental research indicates that relationally aggressive media exposure is associated with increased aggression (e.g., Coyne, Archer, & Eslea, 2004; Coyne et al., 2008; 2011). The General Aggression Model (GAM) (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) suggests that cognitions about aggression mediate the relationship between aggressive media exposure and subsequent behavior, but little research has examined this possibility in regards to relationally aggressive media. The goals of this study were (1) to examine the short-term effects of viewing relationally aggressive media on hostile response generation in women, and (2) to examine whether pre-existing relational aggression moderates these effects. 158 college women were randomly assigned to view either a relationally aggressive or neutral movie clip. After viewing, participants read 5 vignettes that described interpersonal conflicts, and then were asked to generate a behavioral response to each scenario. There was a significant interaction of type of movie clip viewed and pre-existing relational aggression. Specifically, watching the relationally aggressive movie clip caused participants who were high on relational aggression to generate significantly more hostile responses than those low on relational aggression. These findings provide evidence that relationally aggressive media exposure affects cognitive processes underlying aggressive behavior, but that these short-term effects are moderated by individual differences in aggression. Implications for future research are discussed

Kaolinite-catalyzed air oxidation of hydrazine: Consideration of several compositional, structural and energetic factors in surface activation

Clay minerals have been shown to have numerous, curious, energetic properties by virtue of ultra-violet light release which can be triggered by gentle environmental changes such as wetting and dewetting by a variety of liquids, unique among them water and hydrazine. Since both water and hydrazine play multiple key roles in the air-oxidation of hydrazine on kaolinite surfaces, this reaction would seem to have prime potential for studying interrelationships of energy storage, release and chemical reactivity of clay surfaces, capacities basic to either the Bernal or Cairns-Smith roles of minerals in the origin of life. Establishment of the capacity for stored electronic energy to significantly alter surface chemistry is important, regardless of the reaction chosen to demonstrate it. Hydrazine air oxidation is overawingly complex, given the possibilities for step-wise control and monitoring of parameters. In the light of recently extended characterization of the kaolinite and model sheet catalysts we used to study hydrazine oxidation and gamma-irradiated silica, previous studies of hydrazine air-oxidation on aluminosilicate surfaces have been reevaluated. Our former conclusion remains intact that, whereas trace structural and surface contaminants do play some role in the catalysis of oxidation, they are not the only, nor even the dominant, catalytic centers. Initial intermediates in the oxidation can now be proposed which are consistent with production via O(-)-centers as well as ferric iron centers. The greater than square dependence of the initial reaction rate on the weight of the clay is discussed in the light of these various mechanistic possibilities

Distress in couples coping with cancer: A meta-analysis and critical review of role and gender effects

Research concerning distress in couples coping with cancer was integrated using meta-analysis and narrative critical appraisal. Individual levels of distress were determined more by gender than by the role of being the person with cancer versus that person's partner. That is, women reported consistently more distress than men regardless of their role (standardized mean difference = 0.31). The association between patient and partner distress within couples was only moderate (r = .29) but is sufficient to warrant further consideration of the notion that these couples react as an emotional system rather than as individuals. It is noteworthy that this association is not moderated by gender. With a general lack of comparison groups, the question of how much distress can be ascribed to the cancer experience cannot be answered decisively; elevations in distress are probably modest. We critically discuss these results, identify important unanswered questions, and indicate directions for future research. Attention needs to be directed toward factors other than cancer as direct influences of distress in these couples and to mediators and moderators of the cancer experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

Nitrous Oxide Flux from Poultry-Manured Erosion Plots and Grass Filters after Simulated Rain

Adding carbon-rich materials to fields, like manure, may enhance denitrification. Grass filters, which are used to trap surface runoff from these fields, may also provide a carbon-rich environment that favors water infiltration and denitrification. Nitrous oxide (N2O) may be evolved these settings. It is a radiatively important trace gas and intermediate in the denitrification pathway and several other microbial processes. We measured N2O flux, after simulated rain, using a soil cover technique in poultry-manured plots and grass filters receiving their runoff. Intact soil cores were used to relate the N2O flux to the denitrification potential of the plots. Nitrous oxide fluxes were smaller in grass filters than in manured plots, even though more denitrifying bacteria were present. The average N2O flux in the three most dynamic erosion plots was 755 µg N2O-N m−2h−1, which was 39% of the maximal denitrification rate measured in acetylene-blocked, NO−3-amended soil cores. Nitrous oxide flux immediately after rainfall was greater than N2O flux measurements reported for similar agricultural settings